Predictive equations for ventilatory muscle strength in the Brazilian population: a systematic review / Equações preditivas da força muscular ventilatória na população brasileira: uma revisão sistemática / Ecuaciones predictivas de la fuerza muscular respiratoria en la población brasileña: una revisión sistemática

ABSTRACT Maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures (MIP and MEP) assess the strength index of the respiratory muscles. These measures are relevant to assess respiratory muscle strength and for clinical monitoring. This study evaluates papers that suggest predictive equations of MIP and MEP for the Brazilian population. We included studies that established prediction equations for MIP and MEP for the healthy Brazilian population, aged from 4 to 90 years old, both men and women and that had the maximum respiratory pressures measured in a sitting position. A search was carried out in March 2020 on MEDLINE, LILACS, Cochrane, SciELO, CINAHL, Web of Science, and SCOPUS databases, without date or language filters. The descriptors used were "muscle strength," "equations," "predictive respiratory muscles" and their respective synonyms. Out of the 3,920 studies found in databases, 963 were duplicates, 2,779 were excluded, 178 had their full texts analyzed, and only 9 met the inclusion criteria. The predictive equations of ventilatory muscle strength analyzed in this review used age, weight, and stature as variables. However, the studies showed methodological weaknesses, such as lack of cross-validation of the equation, exclusion of outliers, and lack of familiarization of MIP and MEP.

RESUMO As pressões respiratórias máximas (PImáx e PEmáx) avaliam o índice de força dos músculos respiratórios. Essas medidas são relevantes para a avaliação da força muscular respiratória e para o monitoramento clínico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os artigos que sugerem equações preditivas de PImáx e PEmáx para a população brasileira. Foram incluídos estudos que estabeleceram equações de predição para PImáx e PEmáx da população brasileira saudável, com idades entre 4 e 90 anos e de ambos os sexos, que mediam as pressões respiratórias máximas na posição sentada. Uma pesquisa foi realizada, em março de 2020, nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS, Cochrane, SciELO, CINAHL, Web of Science e SCOPUS, sem filtros de tempo ou idioma. Os descritores utilizados foram "força muscular", "equações" e "músculos respiratórios preditivos", com seus respectivos sinônimos. Dos 3.920 estudos encontrados nas bases de dados, 963 eram duplicados e 2.779 foram excluídos, 178 tiveram seus textos analisados integralmente e apenas 9 atendiam aos critérios de inclusão. As variáveis utilizadas nas equações preditivas de força muscular ventilatória analisadas nesta revisão foram: idade, peso e estatura. No entanto, os estudos mostraram fragilidades metodológicas, como falta de validação cruzada da equação, exclusão de outliers e familiarização do PImáx e PEmáx.

RESUMEN Las presiones inspiratoria y espiratoria máximas (PImáx y PEmáx) evalúan el índice de fuerza muscular respiratoria. Estas medidas son importantes en la evaluación de la fuerza muscular respiratoria y el seguimiento clínico. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los artículos proponen ecuaciones predictivas para PImáx y PEmáx a la población brasileña. Se incluyeron estudios que establecieron ecuaciones predictivas para PImáx y PEmáx a la población brasileña sana de ambos sexos, de entre 4 y 90 años de edad, y que miden las presiones respiratorias máximas en posición sentada. Se realizó, en marzo de 2020, una búsqueda en las bases de datos MEDLINE, LILACS, Cochrane, SciELO, CINAHL, Web of Science y SCOPUS, sin año de publicación específico ni idioma. Los descriptores utilizados fueron "fuerza muscular", "ecuaciones" y "músculos respiratorios predictivos" y sus respectivos sinónimos. De los 3.920 estudios encontrados, 963 eran duplicados y se excluyeron 2.779, así se analizaron 178 textos en su totalidad y solo 9 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Las variables edad, peso y talla fueron las que habían sido utilizadas en las ecuaciones predictivas de fuerza muscular respiratoria analizadas por esta revisión. Sin embargo, los estudios apuntaron limitaciones metodológicas, como falta de validación cruzada de la ecuación, exclusión de outliers y familiaridad de la PImáx y PEmáx.

Basal Energy Expenditure of Chinese Healthy Adults: Comparison of Measured and Predicted Values / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#This study aimed to measure the basal energy expenditure (BEE) of Chinese healthy adults and establish an accurate predictive equation for this population.@*Methods@#In total, 470 Chinese healthy adults had their BEE measured using the Cosmed K4b portable metabolic system. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied to develop new optimal equations for predicting BEE. The bias, accuracy rate, concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), and root mean square error (RMSE) were used to evaluate the accuracy of the predictive equations.@*Results@#There was a significant difference in BEE between males and females, with 5,954 kJ/d and 5,089 kJ/d, respectively. People living in rural areas expended significantly higher BEE (5,885 kJ/d) than those in urban areas (5,279 kJ/d). Previous equations developed by Henry, Schofield, Harris-Benedict (H-B), and Liu overestimated the BEE of Chinese healthy adults. The new equations derived from the present study displayed the smallest average bias and RMSE from the measured basal energy expenditure (mBEE). The CCC of the new equations was higher than other predictive equations, but it was lower than 0.8. There was no significant difference in the accuracy rate among all predictive equations.@*Conclusions@#Sex and regional differences in BEE were observed in Chinese healthy adults. Neither the widely used previous predictive equations nor the one derived in the present study were accurate enough for estimating the BEE of Chinese healthy adults. Further study is required to develop more accurate equations for predicting the BEE of Chinese healthy adults aged between 20-45 years.

O Uso de Métodos de Avaliação do Estado Nutricional e Cálculo de Necessidade Energética por Nutricionistas em Dois Hospitais Públicos do Rio de Janeiro / The Use of Nutritional Status Evaluation and Energy Needs Calculation Methods by Nutritionists in Two Public Hospitals of Rio de Janeiro

Introdução: O estado nutricional e a avaliação do gasto metabólico têm impacto significativo na evolução clínica dos pacientes. Objetivo: Identificar quais métodos de avaliação do estado nutricional e o cálculo da necessidade energética têm sido eleitos na prática clínica de nutricionistas, conhecendo os motivos que influenciaram suas escolhas. Metodologia: Aplicou- -se um questionário semiestruturado, com perguntas quanti e qualitativas, por meio do autopreenchimento. Resultados: A maioria dos entrevistados era do gênero feminino, formados em instituições públicas, com formação complementar. O principal local de atuação foi a internação e o único equipamento comum a todos foi a balança. Os métodos escolhidos por 100% dos profissionais foram o IMC e o método Kcal/Kg de peso. Conclusão: Apesar do conhecimento teórico-prático de diferentes métodos de avaliação nutricional e do cálculo da necessidade energética houve preferência pelos de maior facilidade e praticidade, havendo pouco reconhecimento de suas limitações. Entre os motivos para tais escolhas destacam-se a falta de equipamentos e o número de profissionais por enfermaria. (AU)

Introduction: Nutritional status and the evaluation of metabolic expenditure have a significant impact on the clinical evolution of patients. Objective: To identify which nutritional status and energy need assessment methods have been chosen in the clinical practice of nutritionists, knowing the possible reasons that influenced their choices. Methodology: For the study, a semi-structured questionnaire was developed, with quanti and qualitative questions and the data was collected through self-completion. Results: Most of the interviewees were female, graduated in public institutions and all of them had made complementary studies. The main place of work of the professionals was the hospitalization and the only equipment present common to all nutritionists was the scale. The chosen methods by 100% were the BMI and the Kcal/Kg body weight method. Conclusion: Despite the theoretical and practical knowledge of different methods of nutritional assessment and calculation of the energy requirement, there was a preference for the easiest and most practical methods, with little recognition of their limitations. Other reasons include the lack of equipment and the number of professionals per ward. (AU)

Equações utilizadas para a predição de frequência cardíaca máxima na população pediátrica não atlética: uma revisão sistemática / Equations used to predict maximum heart rate in the non-athletic pediatric population: a systematic review

OBJETIVOS: Revisar a aplicabilidade das equações preditivas de frequência cardíaca máxima durante os testes de exercício em crianças e adolescentes não atletas. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática, realizada no Pubmed, Lilacs, Scielo e PEDro. Foram incluídos estudos que compararam a frequência cardíaca máxima medida e a estimada por equações preditivas durante testes de esforço em crianças e adolescentes não atletas. Utilizou-se a seguinte estratégia de pesquisa: Exercise test OR Exercise testing OR Cardiopulmonary exercise test OR Cardiopulmonary exercise testing OR Peak oxygen uptake OR Maximal oxygen consumption OR Exercise tolerance OR Exercise capacity AND Heart rate OR Heart rates OR Pulse rate OR Pulse rates OR Heart rate control OR Cardiac chronotropic OR Predictive value test AND Predictive equations. A qualidade metodológica foi avaliada pela escala da Agency for Health Care Research and Quality. RESULTADOS: De um total de 858 artigos localizados, apenas quatro foram incluídos. Os artigos totalizaram 325 participantes (sete a 18 anos). Todos os estudos mensuraram a frequência cardíaca máxima por meio do teste de esforço cardiopulmonar. Enquanto nenhum estudo (04/04=100%; 01/01=100%) recomendou as fórmulas "220 - idade" e a "207 ­ 0,7 x idade", as equações "208 ­ (0,7 x idade)" e a "200 ­ 0,48 x idade" foram adequadas em 02/03 (66,6%) artigos e 01/01 (100%) documentos, respectivamente. A qualidade metodológica foi considerada alta em todos os artigos avaliados, oscilando entre 76 e 97 pontos. CONCLUSÕES: Os achados parecem sugerir que a fórmula "208 ­ (0,7 x idade)" foi a equação mais testada e adequada em grande parte para estimar os valores de frequência cardíaca máxima em crianças e adolescentes não atletas. No entanto, ainda são necessários mais estudos para confirmar esses resultados.

AIMS: To evaluate the applicability of the predictive equations of maximum heart rate during exercise tests in non-athlete children and adolescents. METHODS: It is a systematic review, carried out through Pubmed, Lilacs, Scielo and PEDro. We included studies comparing the maximum heart rate measured and estimated by predictive equations during stress tests in non-athlete children and adolescents. The following search strategy was used: Exercise test OR Exercise testing OR Cardiopulmonary exercise test OR Cardiopulmonary exercise testing OR Peak oxygen uptake OR Maximal oxygen consumption OR Exercise tolerance OR Exercise capacity AND Heart rate OR Heart rates OR Pulse rate OR Pulse rates OR Heart rate control OR Cardiac chronotropic OR Predictive value test AND Predictive equations. The methodological quality was assessed by the Agency for Health Care Research and Quality scale. RESULTS: Of a total of 858 articles located, only four were included. The articles totaled 325 participants (seven to 18 years). All studies measured the maximum heart rate by cardiopulmonary stress test. While no study recommended (04/04=100%; 01/01=100%) the formulas "220 - age" and "207 - 0.7 x age", the equations "208 - (0.7 x age)" and "200 - 0.48 x age" were adequate in 02/03 (66.6%) articles and 01/01 (100%) document, respectively. The methodological quality was considered high in all articles evaluated, ranging from 76 to 97 points. CONCLUSIONS: The findings seem to suggest that the formula "208 - (0.7 x age)" was the most tested and adequate equation to a large extent for estimating maximum heart rate in non-athlete children and adolescents. However, further studies are still needed to confirm these results.

Propuesta de ecuaciones predictivas de capacidad inspiratoria y flujo espiratorio máximo considerando mediciones torácicas: un estudio piloto / Proposal of predictive equations of inspiratory capacity and maximum spiratory flow considering thoracic measurements: a pilot study

RESUMEN: El objetivo del siguiente estudio fue determinar si las mediciones de tórax provocan modificaciones en las ecuaciones predictivas de capacidad inspiratoria (CI) y flujo espiratorio máximo (FEM). Se evaluaron 24 sujetos de sexo masculino entre 18 y 26 años, todos estudiantes sedentarios de la Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile. Se les realizó antropometría corporal básica (peso y talla corporal) y específica de tórax, diámetro antero-posterior (DAT) y transverso (DTT) de tórax y perímetro mesoesternal (PME). Posterior a esto, se evaluó la función ventilatoria a través de pletismografía corporal. Para estimar las ecuaciones de regresión lineal se utilizó el método de mínimos cuadrados relacionando la CI y FEM. La comparación entre el valor predicho establecido y nuestra propuesta fue comparado utilizando la prueba t de student o U de Mann-Whitney según correspondiera, considerándose un nivel de significancia estadística de p<0,05. Los resultados indican que para la propuesta de la ecuación de FEM se consideró el DTT y PME, logrando diferencias significativas con los valores de Knudson et al. Por tanto, se concluye que las mediciones de DTT a VR y PME a CPT influyeron en la ecuación predictiva de FEM en estudiantes sedentarios.

SUMMARY: The aim of the following study was to determine if chest measurements cause changes in the predictive equations of inspiratory capacity (IC) and peak expiratory flow (PEF). Twenty- four male subjects between 18 and 26 years old, all sedentary students of the Universidad Catolica del Maule, Chile, were evaluated. They were subjected to basic body anthropometry (weight and body size) and chest specificity, anteroposterior diameter (APD) and transverse (TTD) of the thorax and mesosternal perimeter (MSP). After this, the ventilatory function was evaluated through body plethysmography. To estimate the linear regression equations, the least squares method were used, relating IC and PEF. The comparison between the established predicted value and our proposal was compared using the student t-test or Mann-Whitney U test as appropriate, considering a level of statistical significance of p <0.05. The results indicate that the TTD and MSP were considered for the proposal of the PEF equation, achieving significant differences with the values o f Knudson et al. Therefore, it is concluded that measurements of TTD to RV and MSP to TPC influenced the predictive equation of PEF in sedentary students.

Comparation in calculating rest energy expenditure with indirect calorimetry, predictive equations and human body component analyzer / 中华临床营养杂志

Objective To compare differences among measured rest energy expenditure (REE) by using indirect calorimetry (IC) and predictive REE from predictive equations (PE) and human body component analyzer (HBCA).Methods Young and middle-aged healthy volunteers of light manual labor were recruited in this study.REEs were obtained from IC,PE (WHO-Schofield and Harris-Benedict equations) and HBCA.Results A total of 30 healthy participants were included,of whom 12 were males (25-46 years old) with an average age of (37.8±7.4) and 18 were females (26-52 years old) with an average age of (40.4±7.8).Measured REE of the males was (1 848.33± 155.01) kcal/d,which was significantly different from the predictive REE result of H-B equation (P=0.003) but not from results of WHO-Schofield equation and HBCA.In females,however,measured REE was (1 294.44± 134.23) kcal/d,which was significantly different from predictive REE results of both equations and HBCA,P=0.002 (WHO-Schofield),P=0.031 (H-B) and P=0.002 (HBCA).Results of measured REE were related to weight (P=0.033) and percentage of body fat (P=0.036) in males,and to height and muscle mass (P=0.003) in females.Conclusion In young and middle-aged healthy females of light manual labor,IC represented a more accurate way to measure REE,while in males WHO-Schofield equation and HBCA could be considered as alternative choices to predict REE.

Applicability of predictive equations for resting energy expenditure in obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the applicability of predictive equations for resting energy expenditure (REE) in obese individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and the effects of OSA severity on REE. Materials and methods Twenty-nine obese men, 41.5 ± 7 years old, with moderate and severe OSA were recruited. All subjects were submitted to a clinical polysomnography, body composition, and indirect calorimetry measurements. REE was also predicted by three different equations: Harris and Benedict (1919), Cunningham (1990), and DRI (2002). Results No effects of OSA severity on REE were found. The measured REE (2416.0 ± 447.1 kcal/day) and the REE predicted by equations were different from each other (F = 2713.88; p < 0.05): Harris and Benedict (2128.0 ± 245.8 kcal/day), Cunningham (1789.1 ± 167.8 kcal/day) and DRI (2011.1 ± 181.4 kcal/day). Pearson correlations showed a moderate positive correlation between the REE measured and predicted by all equations. Conclusion Our findings suggest that predictive equations for REE underestimate the energy expenditure in obese patients with sleep apnea. Also, no effects of OSA severity on REE were found.

Valores de referência para força muscular respiratória em crianças brasileiras / Reference values for respiratory muscle strength in brazilian children: a review

INTRODUCTION: Reference values and equations show strong variability and regional differences, despite a well-established role of the assessment of respiratory muscle strength (RMS) in children, with the objective to follow up on diseases that affect the function of respiratory muscles and enable adequate growth and development. OBJECTIVE: To describe reference values and prediction equations of maximal respiratory pressures for Brazilian children METHODS: Literature review was conducted using databases LILACS, MEDLINE and Science Direct, and descriptors established by DeCS of the Virtual Health Library: reference values, child, respiratory muscle strength, predictive equations and their respective synonyms in English RESULTS: Six clinical trials were carried out, which determined reference values for children in various Brazilian regions. There was a relationship among RMS values and other factors, such as age, height and body mass. However, there was a significant difference among the data in the Brazilian states and divergence among the predicted values CONCLUSION: There is a consensus on the relationship among RMS, anthropometric factors and regional influences. The articles studied reported diverging predicted values and reference equations

INTRODUÇÃO: Apesar da reconhecida importância da análise das pressões respiratórias máximas (PRM) em pediatria, tanto no seguimento de enfermidades que afetam a função dos músculos respiratórios, quanto da adequação do crescimento e desenvolvimento infantil, existe ampla variabilidade e regionalização quantos aos valores e equações de referência OBJETIVO: Descrever os valores de referência e equações preditivas das pressões respiratórias máximas para crianças brasileiras MÉTODO: Revisão de literatura realizada nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE e Science Direct, utilizando os descritores estabelecidos pelo DeCS da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde: valores de referência, criança, força muscular respiratória, equações preditivas, e seus sinônimos em inglês RESULTADOS: Encontrou-se seis ensaios clínicos, com valores de referência para a população pediátrica, realizados em diferentes regiões brasileiras. Observou-se relação entre os valores das PRM e fatores como idade, estatura e massa corporal. Porém, houve relevante diferença entre os dados nos estados brasileiros e divergência entre os valores preditos CONCLUSÕES: Há consenso ao relacionar as pressões respiratórias máximas e fatores antropométricos, bem como uma influência regional. Os valores preditos e as equações de referência foram divergentes entre os trabalhos encontrados PALAVRAS-CHAVE: valores de referência, criança, força muscular respiratória, equações preditivas

Accuracy of predictive equations for resting metabolic rate in Korean athletic and non-athletic adolescents

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Athletes generally desire changes in body composition in order to enhance their athletic performance. Often, athletes will practice chronic energy restrictions to attain body composition changes, altering their energy needs. Prediction of resting metabolic rates (RMR) is important in helping to determine an athlete's energy expenditure. This study compared measured RMR of athletic and non-athletic adolescents with predicted RMR from commonly used prediction equations to identify the most accurate equation applicable for adolescent athletes. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 50 athletes (mean age of 16.6 +/- 1.0 years, 30 males and 20 females) and 50 non-athletes (mean age of 16.5 +/- 0.5 years, 30 males and 20 females) were enrolled in the study. The RMR of subjects was measured using indirect calorimetry. The accuracy of 11 RMR prediction equations was evaluated for bias, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS: Until more accurate prediction equations are developed, our findings recommend using the formulas by Cunningham (-29.8 kcal/day, limits of agreement -318.7 and +259.1 kcal/day) and Park (-0.842 kcal/day, limits of agreement -198.9 and +196.9 kcal/day) for prediction of RMR when studying male adolescent athletes. Among the new prediction formulas reviewed, the formula included in the fat-free mass as a variable [RMR = 730.4 + 15 x fat-free mass] is paramount when examining athletes. CONCLUSIONS: The RMR prediction equation developed in this study is better in assessing the resting metabolic rate of Korean athletic adolescents.

Las comparaciones entre las ecuaciones de predicción de la tasa metabólica en reposo y la calorimetría indirecta en los adolescentes obesos / Comparisons between predictive equations of resting metabolic rate and indirect calorimetry in obese teenagers

Objective: To measure the accuracy of predictive equations of resting metabolic rate (RMR) in obese teenagers in relation to indirect calorimetry (IC). Methods: This study was conducted with 116 obese teenagers (60 males; 13.7±1.1 years). The RMR was calculated from Harris and Benedict, Schofield, WHO, Henry and Rees equations. The RMR was measured by the QUARK-RMR system. The comparison between predictive equations and IC was by the Student's t test. The reliability of data between predictive equations and IC was verified by the typical error of measurement (TEM) and the coefficient of variation (CV%). Results: Henry's equation was significantly different from IC (p<0.02). The CV% found for each equations compared to IC turned was low. However, when the TEM was measured it was considered high in absolute values which can cause errors when estimating the RMR. Therefore, it is important that specific predictive equations are developed for Brazilian obese teenagers.

Objetivo: Medir la precisión de las ecuaciones predictivas de la tasa metabólica de reposo (TMR) en los adolescentes obesos en relación con la calorimetría indirecta (CI). Métodos: El estudio se realizó en 116 adolescentes obesos (60 niños, 13,7 ± 1,1 años). La TMR se calculó a partir de las ecuaciones predictivas de Harris y Benedict, Schofield, OMS, Henry y Rees. La TMR se midió por el sistema de QUARK-TMR. La comparación entre las ecuaciones de predicción y IC se realizó mediante el test t de Student. La fiabilidad de los datos entre IC y ecuaciones de predicción fue verificada por el error típico de la medición (TEM) y el coeficiente de variación (CV%). Resultados: La ecuación de Henry fue significativamente diferente de IC (p <0,02). El CV% encontrado para cada ecuación en comparación con IC fue bajo; no obstante, cuando se midió el TEM, este fue considerado alto en valores absolutos que puede provocar errores al estimar la TMR. Por lo tanto, es importante que ecuaciones de predicción específicas sean desarrolladas para adolescentes obesos brasileños.

The Measurements of the Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) and the Accuracy of RMR Predictive Equations for Korean Farmers / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to measure the resting metabolic rate (RMR) and to assess the accuracy of RMR predictive equations for Korean farmers. METHODS: Subjects were 161 healthy Korean farmers (50 males, 111 females) in Gangwon-area. The RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry for 20 minutes following a 12-hour overnight fasting. Selected predictive equations were Harris-Benedict, Mifflin, Liu, KDRI, Cunningham (1980, 1991), Owen-W, F, FAO/WHO/UNU-W, WH, Schofield-W, WH, Henry-W, WH. The accuracy of the equations was evaluated on the basis of bias, RMSPE, accurate prediction and Bland-Altman plot. Further, new RMR predictive equations for the subjects were developed by multiple regression analysis using the variables highly related to RMR. RESULTS: The mean of the measured RMR was 1703 kcal/day in males and 1343 kcal/day in females. The Cunningham (1980) equation was the closest to measured RMR than others in males and in females (males Bias -0.47%, RMSPE 110 kcal/day, accurate prediction 80%, females Bias 1.4%, RMSPE 63 kcal/day, accurate prediction 81%). Body weight, BMI, circumferences of waist and hip, fat mass and FFM were significantly correlated with measured RMR. Thus, derived prediction equation as follow: males RMR = 447.5 + 17.4.Wt, females RMR = 684.5 - 3.5.Ht + 11.8.Wt + 12.4.FFM. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that Cunningham (1980) equation was the most accurate to predict RMR of the subjects. Thus, Cunningham (1980) equation could be used to predict RMR of Korean farmers studied in this study. Future studies including larger subjects should be carried out to develop RMR predictive equations for Korean farmers.

TT Mutant Homozygote of Kruppel-like Factor 5 Is a Key Factor for Increasing Basal Metabolic Rate and Resting Metabolic Rate in Korean Elementary School Children

We investigated the contribution of genetic variations of KLF5 to basal metabolic rate (BMR) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) and the inhibition of obesity in Korean children. A variation of KLF5 (rs3782933) was genotyped in 62 Korean children. Using multiple linear regression analysis, we developed a model to predict BMR in children. We divided them into several groups; normal versus overweight by body mass index (BMI) and low BMR versus high BMR by BMR. There were no differences in the distributions of alleles and genotypes between each group. The genetic variation of KLF5 gene showed a significant correlation with several clinical factors, such as BMR, muscle, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and insulin. Children with the TT had significantly higher BMR than those with CC (p = 0.030). The highest muscle was observed in the children with TT compared with CC (p = 0.032). The insulin and C-peptide values were higher in children with TT than those with CC (p= 0.029 vs. p = 0.004, respectively). In linear regression analysis, BMI and muscle mass were correlated with BMR, whereas insulin and C-peptide were not associated with BMR. In the high-BMR group, we observed that higher muscle, fat mass, and C-peptide affect the increase of BMR in children with TT (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.018, respectively), while Rohrer's index could explain the usual decrease in BMR (adjust r2 = 1.000, p < 0.001, respectively). We identified a novel association between TT of KLF5 rs3782933 and BMR in Korean children. We could make better use of the variation within KLF5 in a future clinical intervention study of obesity.

Normal Values of the Maximal Respiratory Pressures in Healthy People Older than 20 YearsOld in the City of Manizales – Colombia / Valores normales de las presiones máximas respiratorias en las personas mayores sanas de 20 años en la ciudad de Manizales - Colombia

The Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (MIP) and Maximal ExpiratoryPressure (MEP) are global measures of the maximal strength of therespiratory muscles.Objectives:To determine the values of MIP and MEP in healthy sub-jects aged 20 years old from the urban area of Manizales, Colombiaand to correlate them with sociodemographic and anthropometricvariables.Methods:This is an observational descriptive study. The populationof the study was 203.965 healthy people from Manizales, a Colom-bian city located at 2150 meters above sea level. The sample size was308 subjects, selected using simple random sampling. The maximalrespiratory pressures were determined in the sample chosen andwere then considered according to the variables of age, gender, size,weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), and BMI classification. Finally apredictive model was created.Results:The average MIP value among the subjects of the study was75±27cmH20 and the MEP value was 96.4±36cmH20. Both avera-ges were higher in men than in women. Predictive equations wereestablished for the normal values of MIP and MEP in healthy sub-jects; the best model for MIP was the resultant one among age, gen-der and BMI classification and for the MEP among gender, weightand height.Conclusion:Maximal respiratory pressure values were lower amongthe population of Manizales than those found in international stu-dies. Gender and anthropometric characteristics (weight, height andBMI classification) are the explanatory variables that better supportthe average values of MIP and MEP in the predictive models proposed

Predicting horse skin weight from carcass weight / Predicción del peso de la piel de caballo a partir del peso de la canal

A study was conducted to provide information on the skin weight of Pyrenean horses and to determine whether there is a measurement to predict this based on carcass weight. Hot carcass weight (HCW) and fresh skin weight (SW) were recorded for 58 horses aged 12 months entering a Catalan commercial slaughter facility between September 2009 and June 2010. Data on the breeder, age and coat characteristics were collected and subsequently collated for each animal. Prior to analysis, horses were subdivided into sex and coat groups. Data did not differ (P < 0.001) among these. The absence of differences in SW could be viewed as a reflection of limited nutritional differences between seasons. Regression procedures were used to develop equations to predict SW from HCW. Equations predicting SW had significant bias, 7.3-7.5 kg, and low R2 values. The coefficients of determination obtained for predicting skin weight were not satisfactory and therefore validation was not considered worthwhile.

Se realizó un estudio para proporcionar información sobre el peso de la piel de los caballos de los Pirineos y para determinar si existe una medida para predecir esta, basado en el peso de la canal. Peso de la canal caliente (PS) y peso de la piel fresca (SW) se registraron en 58 caballos de 12 meses provenientes de un centro comercial Catalán faenador entre septiembre de 2009 y junio de 2010. Los datos sobre las características reproductoras, la edad y el pelo se recogieron y posteriormente cotejados para cada animal. Antes del análisis, los caballos fueron subdivididos en grupos de sexo y pelaje. Los datos no fueron diferentes (P<0,001) entre estos. La ausencia de diferencias en el SW podría ser visto como un reflejo de la limitada diferencias nutricionales entre las estaciones. Procedimientos de regresión fueron utilizados para desarrollar ecuaciones para predecir SW desde el PS. Las ecuaciones de predicción SW tenía un sesgo significativo, 7,3-7,5 kg, y valores bajos R2. Los coeficientes de determinación obtenidos para la predicción de peso de la piel no fueron satisfactorios, por lo que la validación no se consideró que vale la pena.

Comparação entre a adiposidade subcutânea dos hemicorpos direito e esquerdo / Comparison between the subcutaneous adiposity of the right and left sides

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os níveis de adiposidade subcutânea dos hemicorpos direito e esquerdo e, posteriormente, analisar o impacto dessas informações para o estudo da composição corporal. Setenta e seis indivíduos fisicamente ativos, 47 homens (21,6 ± 4,3 anos) e 29 mulheres (21,0 ± 2,6 anos), fizeram parte da amostra. As espessuras das dobras cutâneas abdominal, suprailíaca, subescapular, tricipital, bicipital, axilar média e perna medial foram mensuradas com um compasso Lange. Em valores médios absolutos, as maiores diferenças verificadas foram de 0,9mm (6,9 por cento) e 0,8mm (6,8 por cento), na dobra cutânea suprailíaca de homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Entretanto, nenhuma diferença estatisticamente significante foi encontrada na comparação entre os lados, em ambos os sexos, nas sete dobras cutâneas analisadas (P > 0,05). Similarmente, quando os valores medidos foram aplicados em equações preditivas para a determinação da gordura corporal relativa, de acordo com o sexo, nenhuma diferença significante foi encontrada (P > 0,05). Os resultados sugerem que fatores como o erro técnico de medida do avaliador, o tipo de compasso e a escolha da equação preditiva a ser utilizada, provavelmente tenham maior impacto para a estimativa da composição corporal pelo método de espessura de dobras cutâneas do que o lado a ser adotado como referência para a obtenção das medidas.

The aim of this study was to compare subcutaneous adiposity levels of right and left sides and posteriorly to analyze the impact of this information to the body composition study. Seventy-six physically active individuals, 47 men (21.6 ± 4.3 years) and 29 women (21.0 ± 2.6 years), comprised the sample. Abdominal, suprailiac, subscapular, triceps, biceps, midaxillary and mid calf skinfolds were measured using the Lange caliper. In terms of mean absolute values, the largest differences found were 0.9 mm (6.9 percent) and 0.8 mm (6.8 percent) for the suprailiac skinfold in men and women, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in the comparison between the right and left sides of body for both genders in the seven examples of skinfold thickness analyzed (P > 0.05). Similarly, after applying the measured values of skinfold thickness in predictive equations, we found no significant differences in relative body fat in men and women (P > 0.05). The results suggest that factors such as the technical error of measurement of the examiner, the type of caliper and the choice of the predictive equation to be used probably have more impact on the estimation of body composition derived from skinfolds than the side of body measured.

Accuracy of Predictive Equations for Resting Metabolic Rate in Korean College Students / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study is to analyze the accuracy of predictive equations for resting metabolic rate (RMR) in Korean college students. Subjects were 60 healthy Korean college students (30 males, 30 females) aged 18-25 years. RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry. Predicted RMRs were calculated using the Harris-Benedict, Schofield (W)/(WH), FAO/ WHO/UNU(W)/(WH), Owen, Mifflin, Cunningham, Liu, IMNA and Henry (W)/(WH) equations. The accuracy of the equations was evaluated on basis of accurate prediction (the percentage of subjects whose RMR was predicted within90% to 110% of the RMR measured), mean difference, RMSPE, mean % difference, limits of agreement of Bland- Altman method between predicted and measured RMR. Measured RMR of male and female students were 1833.4 +/- 307.4 kcal/day and 1454.3 +/- 208.0 kcal/day, respectively. All predictive equations underestimated measured RMR. Of the predictive equations tested, the Harris-Benedict equation (mean difference: -80.4 kcal/day, RMSPE: 236 kcal/day, mean % difference: -3.1%) was the most accurate and precise, but accurate prediction of the equation was only 42%. Thus, this study suggests that the ethnicity-specific predictive equation from Korean people should be developed to improve the accuracy of predicted RMR for Koreans.

Pressões respiratórias máximas: valores encontrados e preditos em indivíduos saudáveis / Maximal respiratory pressures: actual and predicted values in healthy subjects

OBJETIVO: Comparar os valores encontrados de pressões respiratórias máximas (pressão inspiratória máxima-PImáx e pressão expiratória máxima-PEmáx) em uma amostra de indivíduos saudáveis de Minas Gerais com valores preditos pelas equações propostas por Neder et al.³. MÉTODOS: Por meio de um manovacuômetro analógico, foram estudados 100 indivíduos saudáveis (54 mulheres, 46 homens), com idade entre 20-80 anos, recrutados no estado de Minas Gerais - Brasil. A análise estatística foi realizada com testes paramétricos ou não-paramétricos, dependendo da distribuição das variáveis, considerando significativo p< 0,05. RESULTADOS: PImáx em mulheres: a média dos valores encontrados foi significativamente menor que a média dos preditos (68,24 ± 29,48 x 86,53 ± 8,76; p= 0,000) e houve correlação de moderada magnitude e significativa (r= 0,557; p< 0,000); PImáx em homens: não houve diferença significativa entre os valores encontrados e preditos (104,67 ± 42,66 x 116,78 ± 14,02; p= 0,055) e houve correlação de baixa magnitude e não significativa (r= 0,236; p= 0,115); PEmáx em mulheres: não houve diferença significativa entre os valores encontrados e preditos (80,37 ± 33,32 x 85,88 ± 10,90; p= 0,164) e houve correlação de baixa magnitude e não significativa (r= 0,149; p= 0,283); PEmáx em homens: a média dos valores encontrados foi significativamente maior que a média dos preditos (142,28 ± 43,89 x 126,30 ± 14,19; p= 0,017) e houve correlação não significativa de baixa magnitude (r= 0,159; p= 0,290). CONCLUSÃO: Considerando que para haver concordância entre os valores encontrados e preditos é preciso não haver diferença e haver correlação entre os valores, as equações propostas por Neder et al.³ não foram capazes de predizer os valores de PImáx e PEmáx na população estudada.

OBJECTIVE: To compare actual values for maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) found in a sample of healthy individuals from the State of Minas Gerais (Brazil) with the values predicted from the equations put forward by Neder et al.³. METHOD: Using an analog manovacuometer, 100 healthy subjects (54 women and 46 men aged 20-80 years old) were studied. Statistical analysis was performed using parametric or non-parametric tests, depending on the distribution of the variables, and p< 0.05 was considered to be significant. RESULTS: For MIP in women, the mean of the actual values was significantly lower than the mean of the predicted values (68.24 ± 29.48 vs. 86.53 ± 8.76; p= 0.000) and there was a moderate and significant correlation (r= 0.557; p< 0.000). For MIP in men, no significant difference was observed between the actual and predicted values (104.67 ± 42.66 vs. 116.78 ± 14.02; p= 0.055) and there was a low and non-significant correlation (r= 0.236; p= 0.115). For MEP in women, there was no significant difference between the actual and predicted values (80.37 ± 33.32 vs. 85.88 ± 10.90; p= 0.164) and there was a low and non-significant correlation (r= 0.149; p= 0.283). For MEP in men, the mean of the actual values was significantly higher than the mean of the predicted values (142.28 ± 43.89 vs. 126.30 ± 14.19; p= 0.017) and there was a low and non-significant correlation (r= 0.159; p= 0.290). CONCLUSION: Considering that concordance between actual and predicted values requires the lack of difference and the existence of correlation between them, the equations proposed by Neder et al.³ were not successful in predicting MIP and MEP values in the population studied.

Validação da equação de Brzycki para a estimativa de 1-RM no exercício supino em banco horizontal / Validation of the Brzycki equation for the estimation of 1-RM in the bench press

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a validade da equação proposta por Brzycki para a predição de uma repetição máxima (1-RM) no exercício supino em banco horizontal. Para tanto, 50 homens (22,2 ± 3,5 anos; 64,7 ± 8,6kg), sedentários ou moderadamente ativos, foram inicialmente submetidos a seis sessões de testes de 1-RM no exercício supino em banco horizontal, com 48 horas de intervalo entre cada sessão, para a determinação da carga máxima. Posteriormente, um protocolo de resistência de força foi executado para a determinação de 7 a 10-RM. Os critérios utilizados para a validação incluíram: teste t de Student para amostras dependentes, para comparação entre os valores médios obtidos pela equação preditiva e pelo teste de 1-RM; coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, para análise do grau de associação entre as medidas; erro padrão de estimativa (EPE), para avaliação do grau de desvio dos dados individuais ao longo da reta produzida; erro total (ET), para a verificação do desvio médio dos valores individuais da reta de identidade; erro constante (EC), para análise da diferença entre os valores médios obtidos no teste de 1-RM e preditos pela equação proposta. Nenhuma diferença estatisticamente significante foi verificada entre os valores produzidos pelo teste de 1-RM e a equação de Brzycki (P > 0,05). Tanto o EPE quanto o ET foram relativamente baixos (2,42kg ou 3,4 por cento e 1,55kg ou 2,2 por cento, respectivamente), bem como o EC (0,22kg ou 0,3 por cento). Além disso, o valor do coeficiente de correlação encontrado foi extremamente elevado (r = 0,99; P < 0,05), demonstrando, assim, forte associação entre os valores encontrados pelo teste de 1-RM e a equação de Brzycki. Portanto, a equação analisada por este estudo atendeu satisfatoriamente aos critérios de validação estabelecidos pela literatura. Os resultados sugerem que a equação de Brzycki parece ser uma alternativa bastante atraente para a estimativa dos valores de 1-RM...

The aim of the present study was to analyze the validation of the equation proposed by Brzycki for the prediction of a maximum repetition (1-RM) in the bench press. Fifty sedentary or moderately active male subjects (22.2 ± 3.5 years; 64.7 ± 8.6 kg), were initially submitted to six test sessions of 1-RM in the bench press, with 48 hours of interval between each session, in order to determine the maximum workload. A protocol of force resistance was then performed for the determination of 7-10-RM. The used criteria for the validation included: t-Student test for dependent samples, for comparison among the mean values obtained by the predictive equation and by the 1-RM test; Pearson correlation coefficient for analysis of the association degree among the measurements; standard error of estimate (SEE) for evaluation of the mean deviation degree of the individual data along the produced line; total error (TE) for the verification of the mean deviation of the individual values of the identity line; constant error (CE) for analysis of the difference among the mean values obtained in the 1-RM test and predicted by the proposed equation. None statistically significant difference was verified among the values produced by the 1-RM test and the Brzycki equation (P > 0.05). Both the SEE and the TE were relatively low (2.42 kg or 3.4 percent and 1.55 kg or 2.2 percent, respectively), as well as the CE found (0.22 kg or 0.3 percent). Moreover, the correlation coefficient value found was extremely high (r = 0.99; P < 0.05), thus showing a strong association between the values found by the 1-RM test and the Brzycki equation. Therefore, the equation analyzed by this study satisfied the validation criteria established by the literature. The results suggest that the Brzycki equation seems to be a fairly attractive alternative for the estimation of 1-RM values in the bench press from the performance of submaximal tests of 7-10-RM, in sedentary...

El objetivo de este estudio ha sido analizar la validez de la ecuación propuesta por Brzycki para la predicción de una repetición máxima (1-RM) en el ejercicio press de banco. Para esto, 50 hombres (22,2 ± 3,5 años; 64,7 ± 8,6 kg), sedentarios o moderadamente activos, fueron inicialmente sometidos a seis sesiones de tests de 1-RM en ejercicio press de banco, con 48 horas de intervalo entre cada sesión, para determinar la carga máxima. Posteriormente, un protocolo de resistencia de fuerza fue ejecutado para determinar de 7-10-RM. Los criterios utilizados para la validación incluyeron: test "t" de Student para muestras dependientes, para comparar los valores medios obtenidos por la ecuación predictiva y por el test de 1-RM; coeficiente de correlación de Pearson, para analizar el grado de asociación entre las medidas; error padrón de estimativa (EPE), para la evaluación del grado del desvío de los datos individuales a lo largo de la recta producida; error total (ET), para verificar el desvío medio de los valores individuales de la recta de identidad; error constante (EC), para el análisis de la diferencia entre los valores medios obtenidos en el test de 1-RM y proveídos por la ecuación propuesta. Ninguna diferencia estadística significante fue verificada entre los valores producidos por el test de 1-RM y la ecuación de Brzycki (P > 0,05). Tanto el EPE como el ET fueron relativamente bajos (2,42 kg o 3,4 por ciento y 1,55 kg o 2,2 por ciento, respectivamente), así como el EC (0,22 kg o 0,3 por ciento). Además de esto, el valor del coeficiente de correlación encontrado fue extremamente elevado (r = 0,99; P < 0,05), mostrando así una fuerte asociación entre los valores encontrados por el test de 1-RM y la ecuación de Brzycki. Por tanto, la ecuación analizada por este estudio atendió satisfactoriamente a los criterios de validez establecidos por la literatura. Los resultados sugieren que la ecuación de Brzycki parece ser una alternativa...

Normal Predictive Values of FVC and FEV1 for Healthy Korean Male Workers / 대한산업의학회지

Lung Function test results can be influenced by race, socioeconomic status, and physical fitness. The choice of the most appropriate predictive equations should be based upon these considerations as well as age, sex, and body size. About 70% of Korean males smoke, and non-smokers can be a selective group in Korea. In this study, lung function test results of 683 healthy Korean male workers were analyzed to get the predictive equations of Forced Vital Capacity(FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second(FEV(1)), and FEV(1)/FVC (FEV(1)%). The age of studied workers ranged from 18to 60, and most of those finished high school or less. Healthy smokers without any respiratory symptoms or disease history were included in the study, while the effect of smoking on the test results were examined in the analysis. FVC, FEV(1), and FEV(1)% were regressed against age, height, weight and smoking status or smoking amount. Age and height explained FVC and FVC(1) most efficiently and the contribution of other variables were not significant. Whereas, smoking was significantly associated with a decrease in FEV(1)% even among healthy un-symptomatic workers. For FEV(1)%, age, height, and smoking amount were significant variables, constituting the most efficient prediction model. The lower limit of normal for percent predicted values was calculated from lower 95 percentile as well as 95% confidence interval. When the results of this study was compared to those from studies of white Caucasians, the predicted FVC and FEV(1) were lower for the given age and height but the differences were less than 10%. The slopes of regression equation for height and age were, however, not significantly different when the social backgrounds of the studied subjects were similar.